OFFICIAL PUBLICATION 



. , OF THE . 



MARYLAND COMMISSIONERS 



PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION 




MARILAl AND ITS MTURiL RESOURCES 



PREPARED BY 

THE MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

WM. BULLOCK CLARK, STATE GEOLOGIST 



BALTIMORE 
1901 



i90 



DiYlSiGh 



OFFICIAL PUBLICATION 



MARYLAND COMMISSIONERS 



PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION 




MARyLAND ani» ITS NATURAL RESOURCES 



PREPARED BY 

THE MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

WM. BULLOCK CLARK, State Geologist 



BALTIMORE 
1901 



MARYLAND COMMISSIONERS 

TO THE 

PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 

BUFFALO, N. Y. 



Edward L. Bartlett, 
Francis K. Carev, 
Franklin P. Cator, 
Reuben Foster, 
John S. Gibbs, 
John Gill, 
Frank N. Hoen, 



Llovd L. Jackson, 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe, 
Robert Ober, 
Samuel Rosenthal, Jr., 
Herman Stump, 
Oswald Tilghman, 
Norval E. Foard. 



ChairvuDi : 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe. 

Treasurer : 
Frank N. Hoen. 



l/^ice Chairman : 
Lloyd L. Jackson, 

Secretary : 
Clarence H. Forrest. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The State of Maryland possesses more than ordinary interest on account 
of its situation, distribution of land and water, and surface configuration. 
It is the most northern of the Southern States, and is situated between the 
parallels 37° 53^ and 39° 44^ north latitude and the meridians 75° ¥ and 79° 
30^ west longitude, the exact position of the western boundary being still 
undetermined. The boundaries of Maryland are based upon both arbitrary 
locations and geographic features. According to the early grants thej^ were 
clearly defined, but different interpretations of various restrictions, such as 
" the land hitherto unsettled," and the situation of local points like " the 
first fountain of the Potomac," have led to disputes, some of which are still 
open. The northern, as well as parts of the eastern, southern and western 
limits, are conventional lines, of which the best known is the " Mason and 
Dixon Line." 

The northern boundary, known as the Mason and Dixon Line, 
which became famous later as the boundary between the free 
and slave-holding States of the North and South, was, according to 
an agreement made in 1732, to run due west from Cape Henlopen 
(fifteen miles south of the point now known by that name) to the 
middle of the peninsula of the Eastern Shore, thence northward 
tangent to a circle of twelve miles radius— whose center was at New- 
castle, Delaware— and then due north from the tangent point until it 
reached a parallel of latitude fifteen miles south of the southernmost 
part of Philadelphia. From this point the line was to run due west. 
Surveyors had already determined the position of the "center of the 
peninsula," the north and south line, and the "tangent point," 
when Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, noted English astron- 
omers and mathematicians, arrived in Philadelphia in 1763. From 
their arrival until December, 1767, Mason and Dixon were busy locat- 
ing the "southernmost part of Philadelphia" and the northern bound- 
ary of the State, which they surveyed and marked as farasDunkard 
Creek, West Virginia, where they were stopped by the Indians 
Along the greater portion of this line each mile was marked by a 
stone monument, which had the letter "P" engraved on the northern 
side, and the letter "M" on the southern side, while at each fifth 
mile was a similar stone, known as the "crown-stone," with the coat 
of arms of the Penns cut on the northern face and with that of Lord 
Baltimore on the southern. These stones were brought from England . 
Some of the original monuments remain in good condition, but many 
have become dilapidated or been removed. The line is now being 
relocated by a Commission composed of representatives of the States 
of Maryland and Pennsylvania and of the United States Government. 
The southern boundary, long in dispute, was permanently settled in 1877, as far 
as the Maryland- Virginia portion is concerned, by a board of commissioners appointed 
by the States of Maryland and Virginia. According to their agreement the boundary 
line follows the low-water line on the right bank of the Potomac River to Smith's Point 
at its mouth, thence northeasterly across Chesapeake Bay to the southern end of Smith's 
Island, and thence to the middle of Tangier Sound. Here the boundary runs south 10° 
30' west, until it intersects a straight line connecting Smith's Point and Watkins' Point. 
From this intersection the line runs to Watkins' Point, and thence eastward through 
the center of Pocomoke Sound and Pocomoke River until it reaches the westward pro- 
longation of the old Scarborough and Calvert line surveyed in 1688, which it follows to 
the Atlantic Ocean. There is still some controversy as to the exact location of some 
of the boundary marks. The States of Maryland and West Virginia have not yet 
determined the western terminus of this line. 




CROWN-STONE. 



1 



The western boundary of the State has not been finally settled. According to 
the early grants, this line should run due north from the head of the Potomac River. 
The North Branch was early regarded as the head of the river, but later surveys show 
that the South Branch is longer than the North Branch. The "Fairfax Stone'' supposed 
to be placed at the westernmost source of the North Branch has been recently shown 
not to be at the head of that stream. Its real source is about one mile farther west» 
and this point has been recently marked by the State of Maryland with a moniament 
known as the "Potomac Stone." The questions at issue are now before the Supreme 
Court of the United States. 

The extreme width of the State from east to west is 240 miles, and the 
extreme length from north to south 125 miles, the latter, however, narrow- 
ing toward the west where it becomes less than three miles at Hancock. 
Beyond this point it again broadens. The total area within the limits of 
the State is estimated at 12,210 square miles, of which 9,860 square miles are 
land. The remaining 2,350 square miles are water, distributed as follows: 




SWALLOW FALLS, YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER. 



Chesapeake Bay, 1,203 ; Chincoteague Bay, 93 ; smaller estuaries and 



The State of Maryland, lying midway between the North and South, and 
stretching as it does from the Atlantic Ocean to the crest of the AUeghanies, 
with the great estuary of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries extending 
far into the land in all directions, possesses many advantages over neighbor- 
ing commonwealths. There is probably no State of equal size in the Union 
that has such a variety of natural resources in its agricultural and mineral 
output, and in its sea and bay products of every description, while its central 
location and numerous natural highways of commerce and trade render this 
native wealth of the greatest importance to the material prosperity of the 
people. 



TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 

The State of Maryland in its physiographic features is closely related to 
the states which lie to the north and south of it. It is part of the eastern 
border region which stretches from the Atlantic coast-line to the crest of the 
AUeghanies, and from its central situation affords, perhaps, the most 
characteristic section of this broad belt. The country rises from the sea 
level at first gradually and then more rapidly until it culminates in the high 
lands of the western portion of the State. It has been divided into three 
physiographic areas known respectively as the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont 
Plateau and the Appalachian Eegion. 

The Coastal Plain is characterized by broad, level stretches of slight 
elevation, deeply indented with tidal estuaries and bays that admit to navi- 
gation, as at Baltimore and Washington, vessels of the largest tonnage, while 
smaller craft can load at almost every commercial center in the district. The 




ELK NECK, AT HEAD OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 



Piedmont Plateau, which borders the Coastal Plain on the west and 
extends thence to the foot of the Appalachian Mountains, is a broken, hilly 
country of undulating surface, divided by Parr's Eidge into two quite dis- 
tinct districts. The Appalachian Region is an area of high lands, character- 
ized by parallel, even-topped ranges, the continuity of which is frequently 
interrupted. Between the ridges are numerous valleys drained by rapidly 
flowing streams. 

The variety of sm-face configuration is so pronounced that every type of 
land is afforded from the low-lying plain bordering the tidal estuary to the 
high mountain slope reaching more than 3,000 feet in altitude. These 
varied physical features have influenced to a large degree the character of 
the people and their pursuits, which are clearly recognized as one passes 
from the eastern to the western counties of the State. 



THE CLIMATE. 

The climate of Maryland is as varied as its surface configuration, and is 
to a considerable extent dependent upon the latter. These climatic differ- 
ences are also due to the nearness of large bodies of water, such as the 
Atlantic Ocean and the Chesapeake Bay. The climate of most of the State 
has the healthfulness common to the eastern part of the United States, and 
in character is midway between that of Maine and that of Florida. In the 
eastern and southern parts of the State the winters are mild and the sum- 
mers hot, while in the western and more elevated portions the winters are 
quite cold and the summers delightfully cool. The so-called " climatic 
changes" depend upon difterences in temperature, precipitation, winds, 
humidity and barometric pressure. 

The average temperature for the year varies materially in the several 
sections of the State, the temperature of the northern and western divisions, 
which ranges from an average of 27° in winter to 70° in summer, is several 
degrees lower than that of the southern and eastern divisions, where the 
temperature for winter is on the average about 40° and for summer 77°. 
In general the average temperature of Southern Maryland is 2° higher than 
that of Baltimore, while the temperature of the country to the north and 
west of the city decreases as the elevation of the land becomes greater. In 
the western part of the State the valleys are slightly warmer than the 
* mountains, but are more liable to early frosts. 

The precipitation of moisture in Maryland occurs in the form of rain, 
snow and hail, usually the first, especially in the southern and eastern parts 
of the State. There are no distinctly wet and dry seasons, as in tropical 
countries, but careful observations show that there is more rain in the spring 
and late summer than iu the autumn and winter. There are also special areas 
where there is considerable rainfall, and others in which the precipitation is 
slight. The records show that the areas of greatest rainfall are on the east- 
ern slope of the Catoctin Mountain in the Frederick Valley, and along the 
shores of the Chesapeake Bay between Cambridge and Annapolis ; while the 
areas of least precipitation are between Denton and Westminster and in the 
mountainous counties. The annual precipitation in the State varies, accord- 
ing to localities, from 25 to 48 inches. 

The winds in Maryland genei'ally blow from the west, but during the 
summer they come more from the south, and in the winter more from the 
northwest and west, especialh' in the eastern and central portions of the 
State. In the mountainous regions of Western Maryland the winds are more 
eonmionly from the northwest and west throughout the year. 

THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 
The native plants of Maryland are not unlike those of Virginia and 
Pennsylvania, and the range within the State is wider than that between 
adjacent areas in neighboring states. The most prominent trees are oak (12 
species), hickory (4), pine (4), poplar, maple (3), locust, chestnut, cypress, 
red cedar, beech and wild cherry. Among the wild fruit trees are the per- 
simmon, the service berry and Chickasaw plum. The various sorts of grape- 
vine, the Virginia creeper, greenbrier, and morning glory are common 
climbers in the State, while the wild strawberry, blackberry, raspberry, 
blueberry, huckleberry, dewberry and cranberry, all very abundant, repre- 



sent the native small fruits. 
Besides these larger or 
fruit-bearing plants there 
are countless others which 
carpet the ground in rapid 
succession from early 
spring until late autumn. 
The animal life in 
Maryland is abundant, but 
does not show a great 
variety of the larger forms. 
Deer, black bears, and wild- 
cats are sometimes taken in 
the wilder portions of the 
State. Usually, however, 
the mammals arerepresent- 
ed only by such animals 
as the ground-hogs, rabbits, 
skunks, weasels, minks, ot- 
ters, opossums and squirrels. 
Snakes are abundant, but most 
of the species are harmless. The 
copperhead and the rattlesnake 
are the most common venomous 
snakes, the former being the more 
vicious and dangerous. 
The waters of the Chesapeake Bay abound in shad, herring, menhaden, 
mackerel, crabs, terrapin and oysters. Among the ducks which frequent 
Chesapeake Bay are the canvas-backs, red-heads, bald-pates, mallards, 
black-heads and teal ; while the land birds include the reed-bird, partridge, 
ruffed grouse (or " pheasant "), woodcock, snipe, plover and Carohna rail. 

The smaller song and ornamental birds are very numerous and include 
many thrushes, wrens, swallows, sparrows, nighthawks, wild doves, and the 
" Baltimore oriole." Woodpeckers, owls, hawks, turkey-buzzards and crows 
are also numerous. 




ON WILLS MOUNTAIN. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

Maryland was settled by a party of Englishmen under Leonard Calvert, 
who left the mother country in the " Ark and Dove " in 1633, and finally 
landed near the mouth of the Potomac, on the shores of St. Mary's River, in 
1634. The proprietor, Cecilius Calvert, second Baron of Baltimore, received 
the territory from Charles I, under a charter which allowed many liberties, 
including freedom from taxation by the King. In 1649 the colonists estab- 
lished these privileges by the " Toleration Act," which forbade discrimina- 
tion on account of religious opinions. The Puritans from Virginia sought 
refuge in Maryland, and in 1652 even captured the State government for a 
period . 

About this time the Duke of York (afterward James II), through ignor- 
ance of the country, granted William Penn some of the land which had 
already been given to Lord Baltimore. This mistake led to a long border 



dispute which only ended with the location of the Mason and Dixon Line 
(1763-1768). In 1694 the capital of the State was moved from St. Mary's 
City to Annapolis. 

During the Revolutionary War no important military operations took 
place in Maryland, although the "Maryland Line" fought with valor in 
many engagements, especially those of Long Island, Camden, Cowpens, 
Guilford and Eutaw Springs. On December 22, 1783, Washington resigned 
his commission as commander-in-chief of the army in the Senate chamber at 
Annapolis, where the Continental Congress was then in session. 

During the War of 1812 several Maryland towns were piUaged by the 
British, but Baltimore was saved from plunder by the repulse of the enemy 
at North Point and Fort McHenry. It was during the bombardment of the 
latter place that Francis Scott Key wrote " The Star-spangled Banner." 

Among the battles of the Civil War three were fought on Maryland soil, 
South Mountain (September 14, 1862), Sharpsburg, or Antietam, (September 
16-17, 1862), and Monocacy (1864). There were also small conflicts at many 
points, especially along the Potomac. 



CALVERT CLIFFS. 

In the history of the State are many incidents which have since become 
of national or international importance. The first wheat was shipped to 
Europe from Baltimore in 1771 ; the first regular steam packet that crossed 
the Atlantic direct from the United States sailed from Baltimore in May, 
1838 ; while the Morse telegraph line transmitted its first message (" What 
hath God wrought ") from Baltimore to Washington, April 9,1844. Balti- 
more was the first city in America to have a water company (1792), street 
gaslights, a railroad (1828), and an electric street railroad (1881). The city 
contains the first American monument to Columbus, the first State monu- 
ment to George Washington, the oldest American lodge of the Independent 
Order of Odd Fellows, and the oldest College of Dental Surgery. 

The earliest settlers in Maryland were Englishmen, whose descendants 
are now scattered all over the State, and comprise the leading element in 
the population. Many of the early settlers in the country adjacent to 
Pennsylvania were of German extraction, and their descendants are to-day 
numerous and influential. Next in importance are the negroes who com- 
prise one-fifth of the population, and who are relatively more prominent in 

6 



Charles, Calvert and St. Mary's counties, where they compose fully one-half 
of the population ; and least important in the western counties along the 
Mason and Dixon Line, where there is only one negro on the average to 
fourteen whites. In Baltimore, Cecil and Harford counties, the negroes 
comprise one-sixth of the population, while in the counties of the eastern 
and western shore, not previously enumerated, they form about two-fifths of 
the entire population. During the last twenty years there has been a great 
increase in the Polish, Hungarian and Bohemian inhabitants, who have 
settled in the mining districts of Allegany and Garrett counties and in 
Baltimore City. 

Maryland has always been a religious center. As early as 1629 services 
were regularly conducted on Kent Island by an ordainetl minister of the 
Church of England. The first Presbyterian Church in America was estab- 
lished at Snow Hill about 1700, and in 1766 Robert Strawbridge estabhshed 
the first Methodist congregation in America in Frederick countv. Many of 





STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS. 



the most prominent of the early settlers were Roman Catholics, and the See 
of Baltimore has held the first position in America since the decree of 1858. 
There are 59 denominations or sects represented in Maryland, and 
although many of them are scattered throughout the State they show local 
variations in strength, which are closely related to the history, beliefs and 
nationalities of the early settlers. 

STATE GOVERNMENT. 

The present government of the State of Maryland is based on a Consti- 
tution formulated and ratified in 1867. Earlier constitutions were adopted 
in 1776, 1851, 1864, and the Constitution of 1776 was very much changed 
in 1837. According to the present Constitution the State is divided into 23 
counties and Baltimore City, which in turn are subdivided into districts for 



school and election purposes. There are no units such as townships, but the 
local affairs of the cities, towns and villages are carried on by officers 
in accordance with charters and special acts. 

Among the State officials under the Constitution of 1867 are the Gov- 
ernor, elected for four years, and the Secretary of State, who is appointed by 
the Governor. The Senate and House of Delegates, which together form 
the General Assembly or Legislature, consist of 26 Senators elected for four 
years, one from each of the 23 counties and the three districts of Baltimore 
City, and 91 delegates, elected for two years, apportioned according to the 
population. Each of the legislative districts of Baltimore is entitled to six 
delegates, the number allowed the largest county. The Assembly meets 
every other year, on the first Wednesday in January, and may remain in 
session 90 days. At the call of the Governor a special session may be held, 
which is limited by law to 30 days. 

The judicial powers of the State are vested in a Court of Appeals (com- 
posed of eight judges) ; Circuit Courts with eight chief judges (who are the 
judges of the Court of Appeals), and eighteen associate judges ; and Orphans' 
Courts with seventy-two judges. The Appeal and Circuit court judges are 
elected for fifteen years, the judges of the Orphans' Court for four, the regis- 
trars of wills for six, and the sheriff's for two. The Attorney-General of the 
State and the State's Attorneys are elected for four years. Justices of the 
peace, constables, coroners and notaries, are appointed by the Governor. 

Among the other prominent State officials are the Comptroller, who is 
the financier for the State, and who is elected b}^ the people for two years ; 
and the Treasurer, who is the banker, and who is elected by the General 
Assembly for a two year term. 

The more important State organizations are the Board of Public Works, 
Militia, Fishery Force, Land Office, State Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Geological and Economic Survey, State Weather Service, State Horticultural 
Bureau, Bureau of Industrial Statistics, Board of Education, Board of Health, 
Boards of Medical Examiners, Examiners of Dental Surgery, State Lunacy 
Commission, Live Stock Sanitary Board, and the Fish Commission. 

EDUCATION. 

The educational history of the State dates back to 1696, when Governor 
Francis Nicholson established the first public school at Annapolis, now St. 
John's College. The State schools were brought under the general supervision 
of the State Board of Education in 1864, and are now supported by State and 
local taxation. A State Superintendent of Schools was provided for by the 
General Assembly of 1900. The State schools also include a Normal School 
for teachers, schools for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind. Baltimore is 
the educational center of the State. In this city are located the Johns 
Hopkins University and Medical School, Maryland University, Peabody 
Institute, The Woman's College of Baltimore, Maryland Institute, St. Mary's 
Seminary, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore Medical College, 
Maryland College of Pharmacy, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and 
many others. 

Within the limits of the State are also the Maryland Agricultural College . 
at College Park, St. John's College at Annapolis, Washington College at 
Chestertown, Mt. St. Mary's College at Emmitsburg, Western Maryland 
College at Westminster, and many smaller institutions. 



THE COUNTIES AND CITIES OF MARYLAND. 

Maryland is divided into 23 counties, of which Garrett, Allegany and 
Washington form the Appalachian Region known as Western Maryland ; 
Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore, Harford, Cecil, Howard and Montgomery 
the Piedmont Plateau, which is also referred to under the name of Northern- 
Central Maryland ; Anne Arundel, Prince George's, Calvert, Charles and 
St. Mary's, commonly called Southern Maryland, and Kent, Queen Anne's, 
Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset and Worcester, known 
as Eastern Maryland, the two latter districts comprising the Coastal Plain. 
Of these 23 counties there ai'e but seven that do not border on navigable 
waters. 




POPULATION OF MARYLAND ACCORDING TO THE 
UNITED STATES CENSUS. 

Counties. 1900. 1890. 1880. sa^^nes County Town. 

Allegany 53,694 41,571 38,012 442 Cumberland. 

Anne Arundel 40,018 34,094 28,226 425 Annapolis. 

Baltimore 90,755 72,909 83,-336 656 Towson. 

Baltimore City 508,957 434,439 .382,313 30 

Calvert 10,223 9,860 10,538 222 Prince Fredericlc. 

Caroline 16,248 13,903 13,766 320 Denton. 

Carroll 33,860 32,376 30,992 437 Westminster. 

Cecil 24,662 25,851 27,108 360 Blkton. 

Charles 18,316 15,191 18,548 451 La Plata. 

Dorchester 27,962 24,843 23,110 608 Cambridge. 

Frederick 51,920 49.512 50,482 662 Frederick. 

Garrett 17,701 14,213 12,175 660 Oakland. 

Harford 28,269 28,993 28,042 388 Belair. 

Howard 16,715 16,269 16,140 240 EllicottCity. 

Kent 18,786 17,471 17,605 281 Chestertown. 

Montgomery 30,451 27,185 24,759 490 Rockville. 

Prince George's 29,898- 26,080 26,451 482 Upper Marlboro. 

Queen Anne's 18.364 18,461 19,257 376 Centreville. 

St. Mary's 18,136 15,819 16,934 372 Leonardtown. 

Somerset 25 923 24,155 21,668 362 Princess A7ine. 

Talbot 20,342 19,736 19,065 286 Easton. 

Washington 45,133 .39,782 38,561 458 Hagerstown. 

Wicomico 22,852 19,930 18,016 365 Salisbury. 

Worcester 20,865 19,747 19,539 487 Snow Hill. 

The State 1,190,050 1,042,.390 9.34,943 9,860 Annapolis. 

The above figures, which are now being revised, show an increase in the popula- 
tion of the State since 1890 of 147,660, or 14.1 per cent. The increase from 1880 to 1890 
was 107,447, or 11.4 per cent. 




BALTIMORE HARBOR. 



URBAN POPULATION OF MARYLAND, 

Population of Ninety-eight Incorporated Cities, Towns and Villages of Maryland 
according to the United States Census. 



Towns, etc. 1900. 

Aberdeen 600 

Annapolis 8,402 

Baltimore 508,957 

Barnesville 125 

Belair 961 

Berlin 1,256 

Bishopvllle 243 

Bladensburg 463 

Bloomingtoh 395 

Boonsboro 700 

Bowie 443 

Bridgetown 50 

Brookeville 158 

Brunswick 2,471 

Burkittsville 229 

Cambridge; 5,747 

Cecilton 447 

Centreville 1,231 

Charlestown 244 

Chesapeake 1,172 

Chestertown 3,008 

Church Hill 368 

Clear Spring 474 

Crisfield 3,165 

Crumpton 207 

Cumberland 17,128 

Damascus 148 

Darlington.. 260 

Deer Park 293 

Delmar 659 

Denton 900 

East New Market 1,267 

Easton 3,074 

Elkton 2,542 

EUicott City 1,331 

Emmitsburg 849 

Federalsburg 539 

Frederick 9,296 



1890 

448 

7,604 

434,439 



1,416 
974 
275 
503 
295 
766 



273 
4,192 

485 
1,309 

228 
1,155 
2,632 

596 



1.565 

317 

12,729 



239 

179 



641 

2,939 
2,318 
1,488 
844 
543 
8,193 
3,804 



Prostburg 5,274 

Funkstown 559 

Gaithersburg .547 

Garrett Park 175 

Girdletree 336 

Grantsville 175 

Greensboro 641 902 

Hagerstown ]3,.591 10,118 

Hampstead 480 521 

Hancock 824 815 

Havre de Grace 3.423 3,244 



Towns, etc. 
Flillsboro 

Hurlock 

Hyattstown 

Hyattsville 

Keedysville 

Kensington 

Laurel 

Laytonsville 

Leonardtown 

Loch Lynn Heights 

Lonaconing 

Manchester 

Middletown 

Millington 

Mountain Lake Park.... 

Mount Airy 

New Windsor 

Northeast 

Oakland 

Ocean City 

Oxford 

Perryville 

Piscataway 

Pocomoke 

Poolesville 

Port Deposit 

Preston 

Princess Anne 

Queenstown 

Ridgely 

Rising Sun 

Rockville 

St. Michael's 

Salisbury 

Sharpsburg 

Sharptown 

Smithburg 

Snow Hill 

Sudlersville 

Takoma 

Taneytown 

Thurmont 

Trappe 

Union Bridge 

Upper Marlboro 

Walkersville 

Westernport 

Westminster 

Williamsport 



1900.- 

196 

280 

81 

1,222 
426 
477 

2,079 
148 
454 
215 

2,181 
609 
665 
406 
260 
332 
430 
969 

1,170 
365 

1,243 

770 

95 

2,124 
236 

1,575 
192 
854 
374 
713 
382 

1,110 

1,043 

4,277 

1,030 
529 
462 

1,596 
221 
756 
665 
868 
279 
663 
449 
359 

1,998 

3,199 

1,472 



1890. 
174 



1,509 
420 



1,984 
521 



273 
667 

485 



414 

1,249 

1,046 

85 

1,135 

344 



1,8 



1,908 



365 

"2i'5 

384 

1,568 

1,329 

2,905 

1,163 

427 

487 

1,483 

125 

164 

.566 



251 

743 

439 

255 

1,526 

2,903 

1,277 



10 



The State of Maryland has only three cities of more than 10,000 inhabi- 
tants, Baltimore being the only great city with a population of 508,957. 
There are only 14 cities and towns which exceed 2500 in population, which 
shows that the occupation of the people of the counties is chiefl_v contined to 
agriculture, although the tishing and oyster industries of the Chesapeake 
Bay Region and the mining and quarrying operations ot the western and 
central counties likewise support a large scattered population. 

Those towns and cities with a population of more than 2500 are : 

Baltimore, with a population of 508,957, is the most important city of the State. 
It is situated at the head of navigation, on the Patapsco River, about 13 miles from the 
Chesapeake Bay, and 170 miles from the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Henry. Baltimore 
offers many advantages as a commercial center in its natural location, in its peculiar 
economic conditions, and in the liberal policy of its municipal administration. Its 
geographic situation is most advantageous for land and water transportation, direct 
lines of communication by rail connecting it with the great agricultural and mining 
regions of the south and west, while numerous lines of steamboats have developed a 
most important coastwise and foreign trade. 




MT. VERNON PLACE, BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore, named after the then proprietor of Maryland, Lord Baltimore, was laid 
out in 1730 on a tract of 60 acres, which cost only $600. Its rapid growth in population 
and commercial importance has been due to the many favorable conditions before 
cited. The principal industries are ready-made clothing, oyster canning and fruit 
packing, shirts and overalls, fertilizers, straw goods, cotton duck, iron and copper, 
tobacco, drugs and medicines, clay products, ship-building, marble and stone work, 
lumber and furniture making. 

Baltimore is renowned for its beautiful parks, places and public buildings, and on 
account of the many monuments in its squares has been termed "The Monumental City." 
Druid Hill Park and Mount Vernon Place are famed for their beauty. Washington 
Monument, erected in the center of the latter, was the first of the public monuments 
to be erected to the Father of his Country. Baltimore is also the seat of the famous 
Johns Hopkins University and many other smaller educational institutions. 

Cumberland, named after old Fort Cumberland of colonial days, is the second 
city in importance, with a population of 17,138. It is situated in Allegany county, on 
the upper waters of the Potomac River and on the direct line of communication with 
the west. The situation of this city is exceptionally favorable for manufacturing pur- 

11 



poses on account of its location in tliemidst of ricli resources in steam coals and lumber. 
In the immediate neighborliood are materials suitable for the manufacture of glass, 
hydraulic cement and high grade building and fire bricks. 

Hagerstown, named for Jonathan Hager, its founder, is the third city in size, with 
a population of 13,591. It is located in the center of the fertile Cumberland Valley and 
is one of the most enterprising towns of the State. It is the distributing point for a rich 
farming country and is also a prominent industrial center. The most noted of its 
manufactures are bicycles, sills, knit goods, shirts, brick, furniture and carriage stock. 
Several railroads center at Hagerstown so that excellent transportation facilities are 
provided. 

Frederick, named for the last proprietor, Frederick. Sixth Lord Baltimore, is the 
fourth city in size, with a population 9,296. It is like Hagerstown, the center of an 
important agricultural region and likewise contains numerous industries. It is an 
attractive city with many quaint architectural features that delight the stranger. 

Frederick is reached by both the Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohio railroads. 

Annapolis, the capitol of the State, is the fifth city in size, with a population of 
8,403. It is the oldest city in the State and was settled in 1649 under the name of Provi- 
dence, afterward changed to Anne Arundeltown. In 1708 it received its name of 
Annapolis under a charter granted by the English queen. It is the seat of the U. S. 
Naval Academy, established in 1845, and of St. John's College, which was chartered in 




JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL, BALTIMORE. 

1784. The State House is one of the most interesting buildings of the colonial period. 
Many private houses of the same period are still standing, and are among the most 
beautiful structures of their kind in existence. The chief industry is oyster packing, 
the annual shipment aggregating upwards of 250,000 gallons. The city Is provided with 
both rail and steamboat communication. 

Cambridge, the sixth city in the State, with a population of 5,747, is the largest 
town on the Eastern Shore. It is in the midst of a fertile farming country and is an 
important shipping point for vegetables and fruits. It has a fine harbor and its shipping 
facilities, both by laud and water, are excellent. The chief industries are oyster pack- 
ing and canning. 

Frostburg, the seventh city of the State, with a population of 5,274, is situated in 
western Allegany county at an elevation of 2000 feet above tide. It is in the center 
of the coal-mining district of the George's Creek Valley and its interests largely center 
in that industry. 

Salisbury, the eighth city in population, with 4,277 inhabitants, is one of the most 
progressive towns of the Eastern Shore. It is an important business center and contains 
a variety of industries, the most important business interests centering in the lumber 
industrv. It has both rail and water communication. 



12 



Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, is an important town of 3,423 
inhabitants. Its name is said to be due to a remark of General Lafayette, when on a 
visit to the region, that the location resembled that of the famous French port. Havre 
de Grace is situated oq the line both of the Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania rail- 
road systems and offers many advantages to manufacturing enterprises. It already 
has a number of industrial establishments. Its fishing interests are very important. 

Westminster, with a population of 3,199, is the center of an important agricultural 
region. It is situated on high land near the headwaters of the Patapsco River, in a 
country of more than usual beauty. It contains the Western Maryland College. 

Crisfield is situated on the lower Eastern Shore, and has a population of 3,165. 
Crisfield has had a very rapid growth on account of its important oyster, crab and flsli 
interests. These products are shipped from Crisfield in large quantities. It is provided 
with both railway and steamboat communication. 

Easton has a population of 3,074. It has a number of industrial establishments, 
including flour mills, fertilizer works,, carriage factories, etc. Easton is one of the most 
important towns of the Eastern Shore, and when the State was partially divided in its 
political functions was regarded as the capitol of the Eastern Shore. It is also the 
residence of tlie bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Easton. 

Chestertown is one of the oldest towns of the Eastern Shore, its settlement dating 
from 1706. It has a population of 3,008. Among its important manufacturing interests 




CUMBERLAND AND THE NARROWS. 

are a large straw-board mill, a carriage factory and a canning factory. It is provided 
with both rail and water communication. Washington College is situated within 
its limits. 

Elkton, with a population of 3,542, is one of the most important towns of the 
northern Eastern Shore. It is situated on the Pennsylvania Railroad about half way 
between Baltimore and Philadelphia. It derives a large trade from the fertile agricul- 
tural region that surrounds it. It has a variety of manufacturing industries. 

There are many other flourishing towns of less population in the State, some of 
which are rapidly developing, and are destined in the course of a few years to become 
important commercial centers. Their names and population may be found in the 
table on page 10. 

NATURAL RESOURCES. 

The leading natural resources of Maryland may be grouped under three 
heads, first the mineral resources, including the coal, building-stone, clay, 
etc. ; second, the agricultural soils, embracing the many types of soil 
adapted to a great variety of crops ; and third, the water products, taken 

13 



from the sea, bays and rivers of the State, and affording a basis for the 
fishing and oyster industries. To these should also be added the forestry 
and water-power resources, which, although important, are less fully devel- 
oped at the present time. 

MINERAL RESOURCES. 

The mineral resources of Maryland are of much value and have yielded 
a great variety of products, some of which afford the basis for important 
commercial enterprises. The old crystalline rocks, confined for the most 
part to the Piedmont region between the Monocacy and the Chesapeake, 
have afforded the most varied mineral products. Here occur the most 
important building-stones ; the slates of Delta and Ijamsville ; the granite 
of Port Deposit, Woodstock, Ellicott Citry and Guilford ; the gneiss of 
Baltimore ; the marble of Cockeysville and Texas ; the crystaUine limestone 
of Westminster ; the sandstone of Deer Creek ; and the serpentine of Broad 
Creek and Bare Hills. In these oldest rocks occur also the ores of gold, cop- 
per, chrome, lead and zinc. Iron ore is also found here while all the flint, 
feldspar, kaolin and mica in the State must be sought for in these rocks. 




TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL. 

These older rocks also appear in the Blue Ridge district where they form 
the Middletown Valley and have yielded traces of copper, antimony and iron. 

The rocks of later age, forming what geologists call the Paleozoic system, 
make up the western section of the State. They furnish much sandstone and 
limestone suitable for building purposes, the latter also being burned exten- 
sively for agricultural purposes. There are also important deposits of cement 
rock that have afforded the basis for an extensive industry. At the top of 
this Paleozoic system of rock formations are situated the coal beds of the 
famous Cumberland-George's Creek coal basin, including the wonderful Big 
Vein that is universally thought to furnish the highest quality of steam and 
smithing coal. These same rocks also contain important deposits of fire-clay 
and iron ore, the former affording the basis for a very important fire brick 
industry. 

The post-Paleozoic formations of the State, although not as rich in min- 
eral products, are not devoid of deposits of economic value. The interesting 
variegated limestone breccia, known as Potomac marble, and the brown 
sandstone of Frederick and Montgomerv counties belong to the oldest of 



14 



these post-Paleozoic strata. The series of still uiK'onsolidated beds, repre- 
senting much of the remainder of post-Paleozoic time and comprising all of 
Eastern and Sontliern Maryland, and known as the Coastal Plain, furnishes 
the chief supply of brick, potter's and tile clay ; of sand, marl, and diatoma- 
ceous earth (silica); and much of the iron ore. The clay industry, particularly, 
is one of the most important in the State. 

These various economic products will be brietly considered in the 
following pages. 

Coals. Tlie coal deposits of Maryland are confined to western Allegany 
and Gai rett counties and are a part of the great Appalachian coal tield which 
extends fi-om Pennsylvania southward into West Virginia. The Maryland 
coal is mainly semi-bituminous or steam coal, and in the George's Creek basin, 
near Cumberland, contains tlie famous "Big Vein" or Fourteen-foot vein, 
that for steam-producing and smithing purposes has no superior and few 
equals in any portion of the world. Below the '" Big Vein" are a number of 




TRANSPORTING COAL ON C & O. CANAL. 



smaller workable seams that contain coal of tine quality, which is already 
securing an extensive market. The Maryland coal was discovered early in 
the century and has been continuously worked since 1836, when the first 
company was organized. The aggregate output of Maryland steam and 
smithing coal at the present day amounts to several million tons annually. 

The Maryland Big Vein coal occurs in the upper coal measures, while 
the most important of the small veins are in thie lower coal measures. The 
latter have receiveil less consideration in the past on account of the reputa- 
tion of tiie Big Vein, but are destined to play a very important part in future 
coal development in AVestern Maryland. 

The Maryland coal is high in fixed carbon, and, especially in the case of 
the Big Vein, low in sulphur and ash, thus possessing in highest measure 
those qualities which give to coal its steam-producing power. 



15 



Clays. The clays of Maryland are widely extended, occurring in a great 
number of the geological formation;^. They are most extensively developed 
through a belt running from nortlieast to southwest along the western margin 
of the Coastal Plain, and including both the Baltimore and Washington 
regions. Other important clays are found in the central and western sections 
of the State, and even the southern and eastern counties are not without this 
material in large quantities. The Maryland clays are suitable for all grades 
of building- brick, tile, terra cotta, lire-brick and some grades of pottery. 
Brick-making began in Maryland in colonial days and has since been one of 
the most important industries in the State — the great brick works of 
Baltimore being among the largest of their kind. The manufacture of fire- 
brick has been one of the most characteristic industries of Maryland for 50 
years, and the brick made from the Carboniferous clays of Allegany and 
Garrett counties are regarded as the best in the country. 

Porcelain Materials. The State of Maryland is well provided with 
porcelain materials, including flint, feldspar and kaolin. The flint is widely 
distributed throughout the eastern portion of the Piedmont Plateau, and is 
especially abundant in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Carroll and Montgomery 
counties. It occurs as vein fillings in the form of pure granulated or vitreous 
(juartz. In Harford county, where the veins are most abundant, the quartz 
has been quarried in large amounts. It is crushed, and then shipped in 
sacks to the potters. 

Kaolin is produced mainly in Cecil county, which is part of the most 
important kaolin region in the United States, other deposits being found in 
the adjoining portions of Delaware and Pennsylvania. The kaolin has been 
worked extensively at several points, notably at North East, Cecil county, 
where large shipments of tiiis material have been annually made. Consider- 
able fiint is extracted in the washing of the kaolin. 

Sands. Sand deposits of economic value have been exploited both in 
the western and southern sections of the State, and the sandy sediment from 
the bed of the Potomac River and from other streams has also been dredged 
in large amounts. The Paleozoic formations of Western Maryland contain at 
two horizons important glass-sand deposits, that have been mined extensively 
in nearby regions. The most extensively developed sand deposits in the 
State, however, are found in Anne Arundel county, where large excavations 
have been made in the Cretaceous deposits near the head of the Severn River, 
and a good grade of glass-sand obtained. The location of these sand deposits 
at tide renders it possible to ship the materials cheaply by water, and it is 
probable that they will ))e much more fully utilized in the future than they 
have been in the past. 

Molding-sand, suitable for brass castings, is found in the vicinity of 
CatonsviUe, Baltimore county, and this deposit is worked to some extent at 
the present time. A sand is secured from the south shore of the Patapsco 
River below Baltimoi'e for pig-iron casting. 

Many sands are used for building purposes, the Cretaceous sands of 
Anne Arundel and Baltimore counties finding large employment in this way. 
Some of the residual sands of the Piedmont Plateau region are similarly used, 
especially that derived from the quartz-schist. 

Marls. The Tertiary formations of Eastern and Southern Maryland 
contain important marl deposits that have never been developed except 

16 



for local uses. Their agricultural importance has not been generally recog- 
nized, although they have been worked to some extent since the early 
decades of the century. The older Tertiary marls are glauconitic, and are not 
unlike the famous greensand marls of New Jersey, which have been so largely 
and successfully employed there as a natural fertilizer. Greensand marl 
contains a small percentage of phosphoric acid, some potash and a greater 
or less amount of carbonate of lime. When spread upon the surface of the 
land the eftect is slow, but is often more lasting than the commercial 
fertilizers. The younger Tertiary marls are mainly shell deposits, and are 
commonly known under the name of shell-marls. Thej^ frequently contain 
a large percentage of lime, and thus afford a valuable addition to certain soils. 
Diatomaceous Earth. Diatomaceous earth, known to the trade as 
silica or tripoli, has been produced in larger quantities in Maryland than 
anywhere else in the United States. It is confined to the middle Tertiary 
and consists of deposits of almost pure silica 30 to 40 feet in thickness. 




CARBONATE IRON ORE DEPOSITS. 

It is chiefly found in Calvert and Charles counties, where it has been more 
or less extensively worked at the mouth of Lyon's Creek on the Patuxent, 
and at Pope's Creek on the Potomac River. This remarkable deposit is 
composed of the microscopic shells of diatoms, and has found various uses 
in the trades. 

Iron Ores. The iron industry in Maryland was developed early in 
colonial days, and continued until a recent period to be one of the most 
important factors in the prosperity of the State. Numerous references to 
the iron ores and their manufacture into iron occur in the records of colonial 
times. The Principio Company, one of the largest of early commercial 
enterprises, controlled many furnaces and forges in Maryland and in Virginia, 
and both during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 furnished guns 
and projectiles to the army. These furnaces, as well as those in the western 



17 



counties of the State, have long since been abandoned, with the exception 
of the Catoctin furnace in Frederick county, which has been from time to 
time in recent years in active oi)eration. The only ores now being pro- 
du(red in Marylantl to any extent are the carbonate oi'es derived from the 
clays along the western margin of tlie Coastal Plain, chietiy in Anne Arundel 
and Prince George's counties. The great bulk of these ores is to-day smelted 
in the Muirkirk furnace in Prince George's county. It is interesting to note 
that this carbonate ore was probably the first iron ore worked in Maryland,, 
and is, even to-day, highly prized fur its tensile strength. 

Mineral Paints. Mineral paint has been produced at several points in 
Maryland. Large quantities were obtained in former years from the brown 
iron ore deposits of Frederick county. Ochre mines have also been operated 
in Carroll and Ploward counties. The deposits of chief importance at the 




GRANITE QUARRY. 

present time, however, are found associated with the 'clays in Anne Arundel 
and Prince George's counties. In the latter locality the material is a fine 
and highly ferruginous clay that can be easily worked, and large (juantities 
have been annually n)ined. It occurs in many grades and colors. 

Building and Decorative Stones. The building and decorative stones 
of Maryland are widely distributed throughout the Avestern and central por- 
tions of the State, and consist of many dift'erent varieties -which, from their 
diversity in color, hardness and structural peculiarities, are well adapted for 
nearly all architectural and decorative purposes. Among the most import- 
ant may be mentioned the granite, gneiss, marbl«, limestone, slate, sand- 
stone and serpentine. Among the localities in Maryland where granite has 



18 



Iieen most extensively worked are Port Deposit, in Cecil county ; Woodstock, 
in Baltimore county ; and Ellicott City and Guilford, in Howard county. 
Other areas in Cecil, Howard and Montgomery counties contain some good 
stone, but it is quarried only for local use. At the locaUties first mentioned 
the granite is extensively quarried at the present time, and has afforded 
material for the construction of some of the most important buililings in tlie 
•country, including the Capitol and Congressional Library in Washington, 
Fortress Monroe, Forts Can-oil and McHenry, the U. S. Naval Academy, 
and other public and private buildings, as well as bridges in Baltimore, 
Washington and Philadelphia. The excellent quaUty of the stone renders it 
available in many cases as a decorative stone, and monumental work has 
already been undertaken. 

The more solid varieties of the gneiss occurring in and near the city of 
Baltimore are extensively quarried for use as foundation stone. This rock 
is of a gray color, and occurs in parallel layers of light and dark stone, which 






MARBLE OUARRY. 



at times are more or less sharply contrasted. Buildings constructed of gneiss, 
of which there are many in Baltimoi'e, present an agreeable effect. Among 
the more imijortant structures may be mentioned The Woman's College of 
Baltimore. 

The marble of Maryland is mainly confined to the eastern division of the 
Piedmont Plateau. The white varieties occur for the most part in Baltimore 
county, and the highly variegated marbles in Carroll and Frederick counties. 
The white marbles of Baltimore county are found in a series of narrow belts 
a few miles to the north of Baltimore City. The most important of the areas 
is that which extends northward from Lake Roland to Cockeysville, and 
which is traversed by the Northern Central Railway. The marble has been 
extensively quarried both at Cockeysville and Texas, the well-known Beaver 
Dam Marble Quarries of the former locality having been in successful oper- 
ation for more than 75 years. The rock is a fine saccharoidal dolomite of 



19 



great compactness and durability. Monoliths of large size can be obtained 
at the quarries. Many inaportant structures in Baltimore, Washington and 
Philadelphia have been made of this marble. Stone for the construction of 
the Washington Monument in Baltimore was taken from this locality as 
early as 1814. 

The fine-grained, compact and variegated marbles, or crystalline linie- 
.stones, of the western portion of the Piedmont Plateau in Carroll and Fred- 
erick counties compare favorably in their quality, texture and beautiful 
veining with the well-known marbles from Vermont and Tennessee, and are 
deserving of much more attention than they have heretofore received. In 
the Wakefield Valley, west of Westminster, a beautifully mottled red and 
white marble occurs ; others of black and white, gray and white, and blue 
and white veining occur near New Windsor and Union Bridge, and still 
others of a variegated yellow, with lighter veinings, have been derived from 




SLATE QUARRY 

the same area. This marble, on account of the limited extent of the deposits, 
has not been regarded as of much economic importance, but the stone, when 
secured, is well adapted for purposes of interior decoration. 

Another stone which may be classed with the decorative marbles is the 
Triassic conglomerate, or breccia, of southern Frederick county. It is 
known as "Potomac Marble," or "Calico Kock,"' and has received note- 
worthy application as a decorative stone in the old Hall of Kepresentatives 
at Washington, where it forms a series of beautiful columns. It occurs, well 
exposed, at Washington Junction, Frederick county, and extends north- 
ward along the base of the Catoctin Mountain. The limestone fragments of 
which the rock is composed are imbedded in a red ferruginous cement, and 
the stone, when polished, presents a very beautiful appearance. 

20 



The blue limestones of the Appalachian district have been used to 
some extent for building purposes, more especiall}' in Hagerstown, where 
several structures have been made of this material. The blue limestone 
changes its color rapidly on weathering, and with a rather pleasing effect. 
A very compact, even-grained and pure cream white stone occurs at one or 
two points in the Hagerstown Valley, but has not been exploited to any 
great extent as yet. The limestones are extensively used for foundation and 
other purposes. 

The slate of northern Harford county is a part of the Peach Bottom 
Slate Belt that extends northward into Pennsylvania and southwestward 
into Baltimore and Carroll counties. The best slate in this belt is found not 
far from the Pennsylvania line in Harford county, the shipments, however, 
being largely made from Delta, Pa., and on this account the slate is often 
credited to Pennsylvania. The Peach Bottom slate has always enjoyed a 
very high reputation, and is second to none in its durable qualities. It has 
been worked since Revolutionary times. 

The sandstones of different color which have been found at many local- 
ities in Central and Western Maryland are, many of them, well suited to fur- 
nish valuable building stones; but only one or two localities have been com- 
mercially developed to any extent, although the stone is used locally at 
many points. The red sandstone of Triassic age in Frederick and Mont- 
gomery counties has long possessed much reputation in the building-stone 
trade. The most extensive quarries are situated on the Potomac River, 
near the mouth of Seneca Creek. The Seneca sandstone has been quarried 
in a more or less systematic way since 1774, and has always been highly 
regarded for its strength and durability and its deep red color. It has been 
used in the construction of many important buildings, including the 
Smithsonian Institution in Washington. The white Cambrian sandstone of 
theCatoctin and Blue Ridge mountains has been extensively utilized locally, 
and at times has found somewhat wider employment, especially by the 
railroad companies. In Allegany and Garrett counties the Silurian, Devonian 
and Carljoniferous sandstones have been quarried at several points, partic- 
ularly in the vicinity of Cumberland, where two of these sandstone l^eds 
have furnished materials for steps, curbs and architectural trimmings. 

One of the most interesting and beautiful decorative stones in Mary- 
land is the serpentine, Avhich has been worked more or less extensively in 
Harford, Baltimore and Cecil counties. The rock is very hard, and jsossesses 
a rich emerald green color, clouded with darker streaks of included magnetite. 
Maryland serpentine has been used for interior decoration in several large 
buildings in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and has 
great possibilities as a decorative stone. 

A number of the other Maryland stones have been used for building and 
decorative purposes. Among these maj' be mentioned the black gabbro, 
locally known as "Niggerhead Rock," which occurs widely throughout the 
eastern portion of the Piedmont Plateau. It is very hard and tough, and 
cannot be economically quarried and dressed, and on that account has not 
found very wide use. The various other stones employed for building pur- 
poses can be regarded to have little more than local value. 

Lime and Cement Products, The hmestone and marl)le deposits of 
Maryland have been extensively burned for building and agricultural useS; 

21 




MARYLAND HIGHWAY. 



This industry is 
not as important 
as it was at an 
earlier period ; 
but there are 
still many kilns 
used for supply- 
ing lime for local 
purposes scatter- 
ed throughout the 
district in which tlie 
calcareous rocks ap- 
pear. 

The limestone and marble 
are also used as a flux for blast 
furnaces, the main supply being derived 
from the coarse-grained marble of Texas, 
Baltimore county, and the limestone of Cavetown, Washington county. 

Hydrauhc cement has been extensively manufactured from the magne- 
sian limestone of western Washington and .Allegany counties, especially at 
Hancock and Cumberland (and more recently at Pinto) where extensive 
plants have long been in operation. The products of these industries have 
a high reputation, and have been extensively employed both within and 
without the State. 

Gold Deposits. The crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau have 
been found to carry gold in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and (ieorgia. 
The gold occurs in quartz veins, which occupj^ the old lines of fracture in 
the rocks. Gold was first discovered in Maryland in 1849, in Montgomery 
county. The first mine was opened in 1867, and some wonderfully rich 
specimens have been obtained, although the gold is so unevenly distributed 
that it has never been worked with profit. Gold has been reported from 
other portions of the State, but these so-called finds are, when thoroughly 
sifted, found to be either entirely without foundation or the amount of gold 
so slight as to have no commercial value. The Montgomery county mines 
in 1890 produced between $15,000 and $20,000 worth of gold ; l)ut within 
the last few years the mines have been practically al^andoned. A few hun- 
dred dollars worth of gold only is annually obtained. 

Road riaterials. Maryland is well provided with road- building mate- 
rials of good quality. The trap rocks, which have shown themselves as the 
result of careful tests to be best adapted for this purpose, occur well scat- 
tered throughout the seven central counties of the State, and advantageously 
located for land and water transportation. The western counties, although 
without the trap rocks, are all provided vyith limestone, as well as silicious 
deposits of value. Most of the counties of Southern Maryland, and the 
northern counties of the Eastern Shore, have iron-bearing gravels that can 
be employed with advantage for road-building purposes. The central and 
southern Eastern Shore counties have, in the absence of proper rock, a large 
supply of oyster shells, so that no section of the State is without road-build- 
ing material of some kind. 



flinerar Waters. The mineral waters of Maryland have attracted con- 
siderable attention, and several kinds are bein^ placed on the market at the 
present time with greater or less success. A few are represented as having 
medicinal properties, but the majority are sold principally as table waters, 
mostly in the city of Baltimore. Nearly all of the well-kno^vn waters come 
from the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau, a few only being reported 
from the Appalacliian region and the Coastal Plain. Summer resorts have 
sprung up, as in the case of Chattolanee an<l Buena Vista, about the more 
important of these springs. 

niscellaneous Deposits. There are several other mineral substances 
in Maryland, which are either not being worked at all or only to a very lim- 
ited extent at the present time, that have had a very interesting history. 
Among them ma}^ be mentioned copper, chrome and soapstone. 

Copper was worked in Maryland at a very early period in colonial 
times, and until the discovery of the great copper fields of the Lake Superior 
region, was an important mineral product of the State. The abandoned 
mines in Baltimore, Carroll and Frederick counties to-day indicate the 
importance of the industry at this earlier period. 

Chrome Ore was discovered in 1827 in the serpentine of the Bare Hills, 
in Baltimore county, and subsequently other deposits were found in Har- 
ford and Cecil counties. For many years Maryland supplied most of the 
chrome ore of the world, but the discovery in 1848 of the great deposits of 
<;hromite in Asia Minor caused the practical abandonment of the chrome 
mines of Maryland, althougli Baltimore is still one of the most important 
centers for the manufacture of chromium salts. 

Soapstonehasbeen worked to some extent in Carroll, Harford and Mont- 
gomery counties, the most important occurrence being in Carroll county, 
where there is a small pi'oduction of this material at the present time. 

Among other mineral substances known to occur in Maryland, although 
aiot commercially profitable at the present time, may be mentioned lead, 
zinc, manganese, antimony, molyl>denum, graphite, mica and asbestos. 

The following talde contains the values of the average output of Mary- 
land mineral productions during recent years : 

Coal $3,750,000 

Brick and Tile 1,100,000 

Pottery 500,000 

Kaolin 10,000 

Flint 27,500 

Sands .50,000 

Marls 5,000 

Silica, or Tripoli 5,000 

Iron ore (carbonate) 20,000 

Mineral paints 80,000 

Building Stone- 
Granite and Gneiss $500,000 

Limestone 80,000 

Slate 100,000 

Marble and Serpentine 80,000 

Sandstone 30,000 

Gabbro 5,000 

Miscellaneous 5,000 

Cement— 800.000 

Rock cement $180,000 

Portland cement 20,000 

200,000 

Lime (agricultural and building) 720,000 

Gold 500 

Road materials 100,000 

Mineral waters 35,ii00 



$7,403,000 



23 



AGRICULTURAL SOILS.* 

Marj'land, with its great variety of s^uil and climatic couilitions, otfei's 
exceptional advantages to tlie agriculturalist. Witliin the borders of the 
State are lands admirably adapted to general farming, while the tine market 
and transportation facilities offer every inducement to those who wish to 
enter the field of specialized farming. Generally it is customary, in speak- 
ing of the different portions of the State, to refer to the Eastern Shore, 
Southern Maryland, Northern-Central Maryland and Western Maryland. 
Each of these sub-divisions is a distinct agricultural region and possesses 
certain peculiarities of soils, surface features and climatic conditions, as well 
as different market and transportation facilities. 

The Eastern Shore includes the counties that lie on the eastern side of 
the Chesapeake Bay. The extremes of climate are tempered by proximity 
to the ocean and bay, and the lands have proved their special adaptability 
to early fruits and vegetables, in addition to the staple crops of wheat, corn, 
oats and hav. 




TRUCK FARMING IN SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 



In the northern part of the Eastern Shore are fine wheat and corn lands, 
the wheat lands being rich loams which overlie clay loam subsoils. They are 
easy to cultivate, and can be made exceedingly productive. Soils of this 
character occupy large tracts of level upland in southern Cecil, Kent, Queen 
Anne's and Talbot counties. These soils are of a rather yellowish red color, 
but there are other wheat lands with soils of a different character. In the 
lower counties, especially in portions of Dorchester, Caroline, Wicomico and 
Worcester, are large areas of stiff white clay soils that produce wheat, corn, 
oats and hay, or any ci'op adapted to a stiff clayey soil. Frequently these 
clays need underdrainage to make them produce well, as the subsoil is close 
and retentive. 

t This chapter is based on tlie results of the soil survey, now being carried on by 
Maryland Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and has been largely prepared by Mr. C. W. Dorsey of the latter 
organization. 

24 



There are also larue areas uf rich sandy loams that are suited to growing^ 
vegetables and all kinds of small fruits, and consequently in many sections- 
the canning industry has been enormously developed. The excellent trans- 
portation facilities allow ])erishable fruit to be shipped to all of the larger 
northern cities where it linds a ready sale. In some sections farming in recent 
years has undergone a complete revolution, the old staple crops have been 
given up and the more lucrative truck and fruit crops introduced. The 
peach crop from the Eastern Shore is verj^ large in good seasons. This- 
industrj^ is rapidly spreading into the lower counties. Pears have recently 
proved a great success in Kent county. 

In connection with the soils of the Eastern Shore some mention must be 
made of the large areas of tidal marsh lands. Thousands of acres of fertile 
land could be reclaimed at comparatively little exi)ense, but as yet little or 
no attempt has been made in this direction. Lands that have been reclaimed 
are exceedingly fertile and will produce for an almost indefinite period. 




UNCLEARED MOUNTAIN PEACH LANDS. 



Southern Maryland. Southern Maryland includes the lower counties 
of the State that lie on the western side of the Chesapeake Bay. The land 
in general is higher and more broken than on the Eastern Shore. 

The soils of Southern Maryland range in texture from gravelly loams to 
light clays. Generally speaking, they consist of loams and sands which are 
admirably adapted to growing all kinds of fruit and vegetables. The wheat 
lands are the heaviest types of soil found in Southern Maryland. They occur 
on the rolling uplands to a considerable extent, and as wide terraces along 
the Potomac and Patuxent rivers. These soils are heavy loams and clay 
loams, generally of a yellowish color. Some of these soils are still in excel- 
lent condition in spite of having been cultivated for upwards of 200 years. 
On the uplands tobacco is grown as well as wheat. Wheat is grown on nearly 

25 



all classes of soil in this portion of the State, but with very poor results on 
the lighter sandy loams. Lighter loams are found in some portions of the 
uplands and are better adapted to raising tobacco. The yield is less \)ev 
acre but the quality is good. Maryland tobacco is exported chiefly to 
Holland, France and Germany. It is a light, mild smoking-tobacco, and 
formerly brought a much better price than at present. Competition with 
new tobacco-producing states and changing market demands have lowered 
the price and have correspondingly decrease<l the profits. The tobacco 
lands have been allowed to run down, and those farmers who have turned 
their attention to other crops are gratified with the results obtained. The 
«andy loams cover large areas of Southern Maryland. There are loose sandy 
soils which are too light in texture for producing wheat or grass, but since 
the extensive truck industrv has been developed the lands that are near 
markets have greatly advanced in value. The sandj^ river necks south of 
Baltimore are famous truck-growing areas and produce enormous quantities 
of melons, pears, beans, sti'awberries and small fruits. Shipments are made 
principally by boat when the distance is too far for hauling by wagon. 
There is also a very large peach industry in this section of the State. 

While certain portions of Southern Maryland have made great advance- 
ujent along the lines of successful agriculture, there are still large areas of 
productive soil that are lying idle or growing up in jiine forests. Lack of 
ti'ansportation facilities has had nmch to do with bringing about these con- 
ditions in certain sections, and the sparsely settled condition of some of the 
counties has also prevented the development which the fertile nature of the 
soils would seem to warrant. By introducing crojjs adapted to the character 
of the soil, and with adequate transportation facilities this region sliould be 
made even more productive tlian it was formerly. 

Northern=Central Alaryland. The agricultural soils of tliis section of 
ilaryland are mainly I'esidual, that is, they are the pi'oducts of the slow 
decomposition of tlie underlying rocks. They are with few exceptions strong 
and fertile. They can be made very productive and are generally in a high 
state of cultivation. The soils may be discussed under the following classes : 
The limestone-valley lands, the red lands, the gray lands, the phyllite soils 
-and the barren lands of tlie serpentine areas. 

The limestone-valley lands are perhaps the strongest soils found in the 
region. They are identical in many respects with the soils of the Hagers- 
town valley. These soils ai-e heavy red and yello\v loams and clays. The 
largest valleys of these rich soils are found in Frederick, Baltimore, Carroll 
and Howard counties. These soils by careful cultivation annually yield tine 
crops of grass, wheat, corn and other cereals. Many of these valleys have 
long been noted for their prosperous, well-managed farms. On account of 
their heavy clayey nature they are famous grasslands and large numbers of 
cattle are fattened in these valleys. The proximity to Baltimore and the 
■excellent transportation facilities have also greatly stimulated the dairy 
interests. 

The red lands may be divided into two sub-classes. First may l)e 
described the red lands of Carroll and Frederick counties which consist of 
red loams and clay loams. Thene soils occupy areas near the fertile Monocacy 
iimestone-valley, and the differences between the soils of the two regions 
can be easily compared. In good seasons the red lands are almost as pro- 



ductive as tlie fertile limestone soils, but during years when tlie conditions 
for growth are unfavorable the yields are not so high as fmrn the heavy 
clayey soils of the limestone valleys. However, the red lands rank as good,, 
strong soils, and generally produce excellent crops of grass, wheat and corn^ 
oats and potatoes, the principal crops grown in this section of the State. 

The second class of red land soils occupies areas in Cecil, Harford and 
Baltimore counties. The soils are heavy red loams, grading into stiff clay 
loams of a reddish or yellowish color. These are hkewise strong clay soils^ 
naturally productive and capable of standing consi(]erable hard usage. They 
produce good yields of the staple crops such as wheat, grass and corn. In 
addition they produce large yields of tomatoes and corn for canning pur- 
poses. The canning of corn, tomatoes and other vegetables has been exten- 
sively carrieil on in Harford and Cei-il counties for many years, and is one 
of the leading industries of these counties. The dairy interests are con- 
siderable on these strong soils, which produce excellent crops of hay and 
afford fine pasturage. 




MOUNTAIN PEACH ORCHARD. 

The gray lands and the corn and wheat lands, derived from deposits of 
phyllite, are so nearly alike in many respects that they may be discussed 
together. These soils occupy large areas in Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery, 
Howard, Baltimore, Harford and Cecil counties. The surface of the country 
away from the larger streams is gently rolling but becomes hilly and broken 
along the principal streams. The surface drainage is good in the entire 
region. The soils are grayish yellow loams which grade into yellowish claj^ 
loams. These are naturally productive, but on account of their rather light 
texture they must be farmed carefully or they l>ecome exhausted. They are 
excellent corn and wheat soils and are classed as good general farming lands. 
In Cecil and Harford counties they produce fine crops of late tomatoes for 
canning purposes. In .Montgomery county the.y were formerly used to a 
considerable Extent for gi'owing tobacco. They are good grazing lands and 
near Washington and Baltimore the dairy business is extensively carried on. 
In the neighborhood of these cities, market gardening is also an important 



27 



industry. The lighter loams, especially, yield line crops of all kinds of 
vegetables, and the nearness to market allows tlie farmer to haul his produce 
direct!}' to the consumer. Transportation facihties are also good. 

Western Maryland. Western Maryland is divided into three well- 
marked districts from an agricultural point of view. 

The eastern district includes the broad Hagerstown A'alley and the 
Middletown and other smaller valleys, together with the mountain slopes 
adjoining. The Hagerstown Valley has a width of about 20 miles and con- 
tains a large number of excellent farms. The soils are red or yellow clay 
loams or clavs derived from the weathering of the thick beds of limestone 
that occur there. These soils, by careful cultivation, produce large crops of 
Avheat, corn and grass. Thirty-five bushels of wheat per acre is not an 
uncommon yield, and from 50 to 100 bushels of corn can be raised. The 
railroM facilities are good in the valley, and Hagerstown, a prosperous manu- 
facturing city, is situated in the center of the region. In addition to the 
large production of wheat and corn many cattle are annually fattened. 




POTOMAC VALLEY 

FARM LANDS. 



Along the eastern margin of this valley is the center of the famous 
mountain peach industry. So excellent are the shipping facilities that 
peaches picked in the late afternoon are on sale in the New York markets 
the next morning. 

The smaller valleys, of which the Middletown Valley is the most impor- 
tant, contain good soils, mostly heavy loams and clays well adapted to 
raising corn, wheat and grass, which are the principal crops grown. 

The central district is rough and mountainous, and the greater portion 
is thickly wooded and not well adapted to farming purposes. The soils of 
the mountain ridges are thin and stony and diffici-ilt to cultivate. There are, 
-however, some valleys in this region that possess limestone soils that are 



28 



fertile, and can be made ((uite productive. The largest of these valleys lies 
12 miles east of Cumberland and the strong clay soils produce good crops of 
wheat and timothy hay. Other valleys of this region possess shale soils 
which can be made productive, and there are also large areas of hill pasture 
land which contain shale soils. Along the Potomac River and some of 
the larger creeks, especially near Cumberland, there are large tracts of allu- 
vial bottom-lands which annually make good yields of the staple crops. 
Fruit growing has lately been introduced in the hilly region east of Cumber- 
land, and there are already many large antl profitable peach orchards. 
Oats, buckwheat, wheat, rye and potatoes are the main crops grown in this 
part of the State. 

The western district comprises the Allegany Plateau. The soils may be 
classed as the red sandstone and shale soils, the yellow sandstone soils, the 
rough stony soils of the mountain ridges and the "glades" or mountain 
swamp lands. 

The red sandstone soils occupy large areas in the central portion of 
Garrett county, and the yield of crops produced on these soils compares 
favorably with the best class of soils found in the entire State. The soil is a 
heavy red loam that grades into red clay loams. These soils occupy rolling 
valley lands and produce good crops of wheat, corn, oats and buckwheat. 
The Cove country, as it is called in northwest Garrett county, has long been 
noted as a tine farming section, and there are still large areas of these fine 
soils wdiich can be made tuUy as productive and prosperous as the section 
just mentioned. 

The yellow sandstone soils comprise the greater portion of Garrett 
county and the George's Creek Valley in Allegany county, and may be 
classed as heavy sandy loams. They produce good yields of buckwheat, 
wheat, oats, haj^ and corn. In the native forest the sugar-maple abounds, 
and a large income is derived from the sale of maple sugar each spring. 
These lands are also good pasture lands in addition to being well adapted to 
apple orchards. 

The stony mountain soils include the shallow soils found along the crests 
and sides of the principal mountain ridges of this region. The soils are thin 
and stony, difficult to till and not adapted to general farming purposes. 
They are not extensively cleared, and are covered in many places with 
valuable tracts of merchantable timber, especially chestnut. 

The "glades " are large swampy tracts of land which occur principally 
in the central portion of the county. Formerly the glades were famous 
cattle pastures during the dry seasons, but now large tracts of glade lands 
have been thoroughly drained and the soils, rich in decayed organic matter, 
produce good crops of oats, timothy, and even corn and wheat. 

In conclusion it may be stated that Maryland has a great variety of 
soils which are adapted to almost any crops that will grow in this section of 
the United States. The greater portion of the arable land of the State is 
under cultivation and farmed at a fair profit, but there are extensive areas, 
especially in Western and Southern Maryland, where there is room for great ^ 
agricultural development. 

The following table shows the annual crop production of Maryland at 
the present time. The figures have been furnished in part by the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture from statistics secured in 1899, and in part by the 

29 



Maryland Agricultural College from data obtained in tiie progress of their 

investigations in the State: 

Yield 

Acreage. Production. Value. per Acre. 

Acres. Bushels. Dollars. Bushels. 

Corn .580,076 18,.562,432 $(3,082,476 32.0 

Wheat 759,643 10,710,966 7,383,4.57 14.1 

Oats 72,852 1,675,596 502,679 23.0 

Rye 2.5,2.34 353,276 201,367 14.0 

Buckwheat 7,510 97,630 54,673 13.0 

Potatoes 22,193 1,420,352 724,380 64.0 

Hav 282,992 319,781 tons. 3,885,339 1.13tons 

Tobacco .35.000 21,000,000 lbs. 1,470,000 600 lbs. 

The total amount realized on the above crops amounts to 120,804,371. 
It is to be regretted that figures are not at hand for the fruit and truck cro]>s. 
The amount of these would swell the total value of farm products to nearly 
$30,000,000, if not more. 







TONGING FOR OYSTERS. 



THE WATER PRODUCTS. 

The Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, occupying less than one-quarter 
of the entire area of Maryland, supply to the people each year products 
valued at more than $10,000,000. Throughout the country this magnificent 
body of water is renowned for its oysters, crabs, terrapin and shad, yet few 
even among the inhabitants along its shores reahze the great wealth con- 
tained in its waters. 

The Oyster Industry. The brackish and salt waters of Chesapeake 
Bay have long been known as the favorite home of this highly appreciated 
food product, and from them young oysters have been transplanted to 
replenish the exhausted natural beds of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut 
and Rhode Island. 

30 



At the present time the "natural beds" occupy large areas on either side 
of the main channel of the Bay and about the mouths of the numerous rivers. 
A single bed, along the shore of Anne Arundel county, is estimated to cover 
nearly 30 square miles. Besides this great bed there are at least half a dozen 
more beds, each half its size ; while many others cover areas varying from 
200 to 10 or 12 acres. The total area occupied by these natural beds has 
been estimated to be about 193 square miles. If, however, the advantages 
afforded by the Bay were utilized by a proper system of oyster-cultivation, 
there is scarcely a foot of the bottom of the 2,000 square miles covered by 
its shallow waters where oysters could not be reared. And it may be safelj^ 
asserted that the annual product might reach the colossal amount of 
400,000,000 bushels a year. 

The output of to-day, though insigniticant when compareil with what it 
might be, reaches the really immense proportions of 5,000,000 bushels a year 
with a value of $3,500,000. The oysters obtained, besides supplying the local 
demands, support the important packing and canning trade of Baltimore, 
Crisfleld, St. Michaels, Oxford, Cambridge and Annapolis, whose products 
reach almost every inland town in the countr3^ 

Baltimore is the greatest oyster market in the world, a fleet of nearly 
5,000 boats being engaged in the business. During the season, which 
extends from September 15 to April 25, 50,000 men are employed on these 
boats and at the wharves, while many more And work with the shippers. 

The Shad Industry. The Fish Commission empty into the Chesapeake 
Bay and its tributaries each year from 65,000,000 to 75,000,000 young fish to 
support the shad fisheries of the State, which depend upon the return of the 
adult shad in the spring of the year. It is estimated that 2,250,000 or more 
shad are secured from Maryland waters each year. About 750,000 of these 
are obtained from the Potomac, 330,000 from the Pocomoke and Tangier 
Sound tributaries, 50,000 from the Patuxent, 350,000 from theChoptank and 
its tributaries, 50,000 from the Chester, while 650,000 are taken on the shores 
of the Chesapeake and its smaller tributaries, leaving 70,000 or more to be 
secured from the Susquehanna. 

The principal shad region of the Bay shore lies north of Swan Point, 
between it and the lower stretches of the Susquehanna. This area yields fully a 
quarter of the entire season's catch. The principal landing points for the 
Bay shore fisheries are Havre de Grace, North East, Charlestown, Betterton 
and Rock Hall. The Choptank, as above indicated, furnishes about one- 
sixth of the entire catch, while the other rivers, with the exception of the 
Potomac, are of less importance. The latter stream yields a catch equalling 
or surpassing that of the head of the Bay. 

The season begins about the fiz'st of April, and extends to the last of 
May or the first of June. The largest catches are usually in April. 

The flgures for the Potomac are somewhat difficult to determine, since by 
the compact of 1785 the fishery rights in the river exist in common between 
the citizens of Virginia and Maryland, who land their catch in their respec- 
tive States. In 1896 fully two-thirds of the Potomac catch was landed on the 
Virginia shore. The total annual catch within the State is estimated to have 
a value of about §200,000. 

The Menhaden Industry. This fish is by far the most abundant fish 
along the Atlantic Coast of the United States, and in many ways one of the 

31 



most important, but since it is not usually regarded as edible it is little known 
outside of the fishery and fertilizing industries. The menhaden is a small 
fish seldom weighing a pound and closely related to the herring and the 
shad. It usually makes its appearance in Chesapeake Bay early in the spring 
and rapidly becomes more and more abundant, crowding into the sounds and 
inlets until the water is fairly alive with them. They remain as long as the 
weather is warm, but as the winter approaches they pass out into the ocean, 
so that few are found in the Chesapeake Bay after November. 

They are of great commercial importance from the fact that a valuable 
oil can be extracted from their bodies by pressure, while the solid residue is 
an important constituent of manufactured fertilizers. In a single year the 
catch in Chesapeake Bay has been as high as 92,000,000 pounds, which has 
yielded 214,000 gallons of oil worth |85,000 ; 10,500 tons of guano worth 
$210,000 ; 212,000 tons of compost, w^orth $19,000, or an annual product 
worth more than $300,000. 

Small catches of the menhaden are made at various points along the 




EASTERN SHORE INLET 



shores of the Chesapeake Bay, especially in the southern part, but the main 
industry is at present limited to the Potomac River, which yields more of these 
small fish than any other river along the eastern Atlantic Coast. 

Miscellaneous Fish. The U. S. Fish Commission and otlier Bureaus 
have endeavored to gather accurate statistics regarding the catch of various 
edible fish obtained within the Chesapeake Bay, but have been unable as yet 
to gather wholly satisfactory information regarding the following species, 
the amounts and values of which as given below being based upon careful 
estimates made after consultation with leading wholesale dealers in Baltimore, 
where fully nine-teaths of the total product of the fisheries is handled. It 
is impossible to give accurate estimates, but the following are believed to 
represent fairly the average annual yield. 

The most highly prized edible fish is the Bay or Spanish Mackerel 
which has its chief feeding ground in the Chesapeake Bay, where more than 

32 



80 per cent, of the^catch of the Atlantic Coast is made. It is estimated tliat 
fully 1,200,000 pounds, valued at |120,000, Avere captured during the season. 
May to September, 1900. 

The estimated annual catch from the Chesapeake Bay of Bay Trout is 
11,100,000 pounds valued at ?450,000 ; of Blue Fish is 4,400,000 pounds val- 
ued at $260,000 ; of White Perch 14,000,000 pounds valued at ■?440,000 ; of 
fresh Herring 100,000,000 pounds valued at §!l,000,000; of Rock 14,000,000 
pounds valued at $1,400,000 ; of mixed fish, including Flounders, Pike, 
Pickerel, etc., 10,000,000 pounds valued at §500,000. 

The Crab Industry. During the season, from April to October, the 
shallower waters of the shores and estuaries of the Chesapeake Bay, as well 
as the waters on tlie ocean side, contain an indescribable number of crabs. 
This abundance causes a fierce competition for food so that the crabs are 
always hungry and ready to seize any sort of animal bait. 

The number of hard=shell crabs captured in a day is astonishing, a single 
fisherman sometimes catching 2000 between sunrise and ten in the morning. 
It is not possible to gain more than an approximate estimate of the catch of 
hard-shell crabs each year, but it is safe to assume, however, that at least 
750,000 bushels are obtained. 

At the principal crab-canning centers of Oxford, Cambridge and Crisfield, 
about 350,000 Itushels of the catch are picked and canned, yielding over 
200,000 gallons of crab meat annually. The crabs, during the few hours Avhen 
their shells are soft, take no food and hide themselves in the sand or grass, 
so that soft=shell crabs are much less abundant and bring a higher price 
than the hard-shell. Moreover, -when the crab is soft it is very delicate and 
easily killed, and is thus transported alive with difficulty. The irregularities 
in the daily catch which might arise under these adverse circumstances are 
avoided by the use of "shedding pens" which hold the "shedders" until they 
are soft. An experienced fisherman can tell at a glance the yellowish female 
and browner males that are about to shed their shells. The price of crabs 
grows rapidly from ten cents a dozen when they are put in the pens to thirty, 
forty or fifty cents when they are put on the market as soft-shell crabs. 

The estimated catch each year is 700,000 dozen, valued at from 1300,000 
to $350,000. 

Terrapin. The oyster and the crab suggest the terrapin as a third char- 
acteristic product of the shores of the Chesapeake. This expensive little 
tortoise ranges from New England to Texas, but is most abundant in the 
marshy lands from the Chesapeake southward. The terrapin is most easily 
caught in the summer when the demand is shght, so the catch is "farmed" 
in pens and fed with crabs and fish until the winter, when as a delicacy the 
terrapin brings from $2.50 to $75.00 per dozen. The value of the annual out- 
put for the State is estimated at $50,000. 

Clams. During the season from May until September, estuaries 
and bays of Somerset county afford clams in such abundance that the 
output from Tangier and Pocomoke Sounds exceeds 5,000,000, valued at 
$15,000. 

No account is given in the preceding pages of the water products of the 
ocean front along the shore of Worcester county, although the output of 
oysters and fish from this part of the State reaches considerable proportions. 
It was found impossible to secure any satisfactory information. 

33 



LIST OF LEADING OPERATORS. 

COAL. 

CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY, 44 South Street, Baltimore. 

BLACK, SHERIDAN, WILSON COMPANY, 1 and 3 Chamber of Commerce, Baltimore. 

GEORGE'S CREEK COAL & IRON COMPANY, 422 Equitable Building, Baltimore. 

PIEDMONT MINING COMPANY, 213 E. German Street, Baltimore. 

AMERICAN COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway, New York. 

MARYLAND COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway New York. 

NEW CENTRAL COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway, New York. 

BIG VEIN COAL COMPANY, 21 S. Gay Street, Baltimore. 

LONACONING COAL COMPANY, 413 Water Street, Baltimore. 

WATSON-LOY COAL COMPANY, Barnum, W. Va. 

BLAINE COAL COMPANY, Blaine, W. Va, 

G. C. PATTISON, Bloomington, W. Va. 

SINCLAIR MINING COMPANY, Cumberland. 

BORDEN MINING COMPANY. Frostburg. 

PIEDMONT AND GEORGE'S CREEK COAL COMPANY, Frostburg. 

DAVIS COAL & COKE COMPANY, Piedmont, W. Va. 

PIEDMONT & CUMBERLAND COAL COMPANY, Piedmont, W. Va. 

A. J. MERRILL COAL COMPANY, Westernport. 

CLAY— Brick and Tile. 

BALTIMORE BRICK COMPANY, 1001 Atlantic Trust Building. Baltimore. 

BURNS & RUSSELL COMPANY, 10 South Street, Baltimore. 

BALTIMORE RETORT AND FIRE BRICK COMPANY, Hull and Nicholson Sts., Balto. 

EDWARD BENNETT ROOFING TILE WORKS, Eden and Aliceanna Sts., Balto. 

MICHAEL ADAMS, Jr., 17th Street, Canton, Baltimore. 

ARTHUR B. NITSCH BRICK COMPANY, 301 Ramsay Street, Baltimore. 

N. M. RITTENHOUSE, Jackson and Clements Streets, Baltimore. 

CYRUS DAVIS, Berlin. 

POTEE BROS., Brooklyn. 

JAMES C. LEONARD, Cambridge. 

C. T. NEEPIER, Catonsville. 

H. S. BARNETT, Chestertown. 

GEORGE M. COLLINS, Crisfield. 

QUEEN CITY BRICK & TILE COMPANY, Cumberland. 

M. H. GERMAN, Delmar, Delaware. 

JOS. H.WHITE, Easton. 

JOHN GILPIN, Elkton. 

JOHN M. STOUTER, Emmittsburg. 

PETER BROOKY, Frederick. 

FREDERICK BRICK WORKS, Frederick. 

JAS. E. S. PRY'OR, Hagerstown. 

HUGH McMICHAEL, Pocomoke City. 

DAVID S. STRAYOR, Ridgely. 

HUGH J. PHILLIPS, Salisbury. 

F. C. TODD & CO., Salisbury. 

W. S. LEWIS, Snow Hill. 

ELIAS W. OURSLER, Westminster. 

CONOCOCHEAGUE BRICK & EARTHENWARE COMPANY, Williamsport. 

CLAY— Fire Brick. 

UNION MINING COMPANY, Mt. Savage. 
JAS. E. WRIGHT, 1345 Columbia Avenue, Baltimore. 
SAVAGE MOUNTAIN FIRE BRICK WORKS, Frostburg. 
CECIL FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
GREEN HILL FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
WAKEFIELD FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 

36 



CLAY— Enameled Brick. 

MT. SAVAGE ENAMELED BRICK WOPJvS, Mt. Savage. 

CLAY— Kaolin. 

MARYLAND CLAY COMPANY, North East. 

CLAY— Pottery. 

EDWIN BENNETT ROOFING TILE COMPANY, Eden and Aliceanna Streets, Baltimore. 
MARYLAND POTTERY COMPANY, President and Fawn Streets, Baltimore. 
EDWIN BENNETT POTTERY COMPANY, TOO S. Eden Street, Baltimore. 

D. F. HAYNES & SON, Nicliolson and Decatur Streets, Baltimore. 
M. PERINE & SONS, 1009 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore. 
GEORGE S. KALB & SON, Catonsville. 

FLINT. 

B. G. & J. C. SMITH, Conowingo. 

GLEN MORRIS FLINT MILL COMPANY, Glen Morris. 

MARYLAND CLAY COMPANY, North East. 

S. J. & H. C. WIIITEFORD, Slate Hill, Pa. 

E. E. BURNS, Whitehall. 

GLASS SAND. 

S. p. SPEARS, Earleigh Heights. 
R. BALDWIN & CO., Waterbwry. 

BUILDING SAND. 

FILBERT PAVING & CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, 1210 Block Street, Baltimore. 
SHREVE & CO., O'Donnell's Wharf and AVood Street, Baltimore. 

SILICA OR TRIPOLI. 

NEW YORK SILKTTE COMPANY, 40 Broadway, New York City. 

IRON ORE (CARBONATE). 

CHARLES E. COFFIN, Muirkirk. 

IRON ORE (HEMATITE). 

BLUE MOUNTAIN IRON & STEEL COMPANY, Catoctin. 

MINERAL PAINTS. 

J. T. WHITEHURST, Columbia Avenue, Baltimore. 

W. T. DUNKEL & CO.. Peach Alley, near Stockholm Street, Baltimore. 

JAMES B. McNEAL & CO., 34 S. Calvert Street. Baltimore. 

BUILDING-STONE— Granite. 

J. H. ATKINSON. 12 North Street, Baltimore. 

GUILFORD & WALTERSVILLE GRANITE CO., 52 Central Bank Bldg., Baltimore. 

DANIEL LEONARD, Builders' Exchange, Baltimore. 

J. II. PEDDICORD & SON, 12 North St., Baltimore. 

SCHWIND QUARRY COMPANY, 302 Fidelity Building, Baltimore. 

HENRY P. RIEGER & CO.. .50.5 N. Paca Street, Baltimore. 

ALBERT WEBER. 45 Builders' Exchange, Baltimore. 

W^ERNER BROS., Ellicott City. 

WM. F. WELLER, Granite. 

FRANK PEACH & CO., Granite. 

PERRYVILLE GRANITE COMPANY, Perryville. 

McCLENAHAN GRANITE COMPANY, Port Deposit. 

37 



LIST OF LEADING OPERATORS. 

COAL. 

CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY, 44 South Street. Baltimore. 

BLACK, SHERIDAN, WILSON COMPANY, 1 and 3 Chamber of Commerce, Baltimore. 

GEORGE'S CREEK COAL & IRON COMPANY, 422 Equitable Building, Baltimore. 

PIEDMONT MINING COMPANY, 213 E. German Street, Baltimore. 

AMERICAN COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway, New York. 

MARYLAND COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway New York. 

NEW CENTRAL COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway, New York. 

BIG VBIN COAL COMPANY, 21 S. Gay Street, Baltimore. 

LONACONING COAL COMPANY, 413 Water Street, Baltimore. 

WATSON-LOY COAL COMPANY, Barnum, W. Va. 

BLAINE COAL COMPANY, Blaine, W. Va. 

G. C. PATTISON. Bloomington, W. Va. 

SINCLAIR MINING COMPANY, Cumberland. 

BORDEN MINING COMPANY, Prostburg. 

PIEDMONT AND GEORGE'S CREEK COAL COMPANY, Frostburg. 

DAVIS COAL & COKE COMPANY, Piedmont, W. Va. 

PIEDMONT & CUMBERLAND COAL COMPANY, Piedmont, W. Va. 

A. J. MERRILL COAL COMPANY, Westernport. 

CLAY— Brick ond Tile. 

BALTIMORE BRICK COMPANY, 1001 Atlantic Trust Building. Baltimore. 

BURNS & RUSSELL COMPANY, 10 Soiith Street, Baltimore. 

BALTIMORE RETORT AND FIRE BRICK COMPANY, Hull and Nicholson Sts., Balto. 

EDWARD BENNETT ROOFING TILE WORKS, Eden and Allceanna Sts., Balto. 

MICHAEL ADAMS, Jr., IVth Street, Canton, Baltimore. 

ARTHUR B. NITSCH BRICK COMPANY, 301 Ramsay Street, Baltimore. 

N. M. RITTENHOUSE, Jackson and Clements Streets, Baltimore. 

CYRUS DAVIS, Berlin. 

POTEE BROS., Brooklyn. 

JAMES C. LEONARD, Cambridge. 

C. T. NEEPIER, Catonsville. 

H. S. BARNETT, Chestertown. 

GEORGE M. COLLINS, Crisfield. 

QUEEN CITY BRICK & TILE COMPANY, Cumberland. 

M. H. GERMAN, Delmar, Delaware. 

JOS. H. WHITE, Easton. 

JOHN GILPIN, Elkton. 

JOHN M. STOUTER, Emmittsburg. 

PETER BROOKY, Frederick. 

FREDERICK BRICK WORKS. Frederick. 

JAS. E. S. PRYOR, Hagerstown. 

HUGH McMICHAEL, Pocomoke City. 

DAVID S. STRAYOR, Ridgely. 

HUGH J. PHILLIPS, Salisbury. 

F. C. TODD & CO., Salisbury. 

W. S. LEWIS, Snow Hill. 

ELIAS W. OURSLER, Westminster. 

CONOCOCHEAGUE BRICK & EARTHENWARE COMPANY, Williamsport. 

CLAY— Fire Brick. 

UNION MINING COMPANY, Mt. Savage. 
JAS. E. WRIGHT. 134,5 Columbia Avenue, Baltimore. 
SAVAGE MOUNTAIN FIRE BRICK WORKS, Frostburg. 
CECIL FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
GREEN HILL FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
WAKEFIELD FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North Bast. 

36 



CLAY— Enameled Brick. 
MT. SAVAGE ENAMELED BRICK WORKS, Mt. Savage. 

CLAY— Kaolin. 

MARYLAND CLAY COMPANY, North East. 

CLAY— Pottery. 

EDWIN BENNETT ROOFING TILE CO:\[PANY, Eden and Aliceanna Streets, Baltimore. 
MARYLAND POTTERY COMPANY, President and Fawn Streets, Baltimore. 
EDWIN BENNETT POTTERY COMPANY, TOO S. Eden Street, Baltimore. 

D. F. IIAYNES & SON, Nicholson and Decatur Streets, Baltimore. 
M. FERINE & SONS, 1009 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore. 
GEORGE S. KALB & SON, Catonsville. 

FLINT. 

B. G. & J. C. SMITH, Conowingo. 

GLEN MORRIS FLINT MILL COMPANY, Glen Morris. 

MARYLAND CLAY COMPANY, North East. 

S. J. & H. C. WIIITEPORD, Slate Hill. Pa. 

E. E. BURNS, Whitehall. 

GLASS SAND. 

S. p. SPEARS, Earleigh Heights. 
R. BALDWIN & CO., Waterbury. 

BUILDING SAND. 

FILBERT PAVING & CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, 1210 Block Street, Baltimore. 
SHREVE & CO., O'Donnell's Wharf and Wood Street, Baltimore. 

SILICA OR TRIPOLL 

NEW YORK SILICITE COMPANY. 40 Broadway, New York City. 

IRON ORE (CARBONATE). 

CHARLES E. COFFIN, Muirkirk. 

IRON ORE (HEMATITE). 

BLUE MOUNTAIN IRON & STEEL COMPANY, Catoctin. 

MINERAL PAINTS. 

J. T. WHITEHURST, Columbia Avenue, Baltimore. 

W. T. DUNKEL & CO., Peach Alley, near Stockholm Street, Baltimore. 

JAMES B. McNEAL & CO., 34 S. Calvert Street. Baltimore. 

BUILDING-STONE— Granite. 

J. H. ATKINSON, 13 North Street, Baltimore. 

GUILFORD & WALTERSVILLE GRANITE CO., 52 Central Bank Bldg., Baltimore. 

DANIEL LEONARD. Builders' Exchange, Baltimore. 

J. H. PEDDICORD & SON, 12 North St., Baltimore. 

SCHWIND QUARRY COMPANY, .302 Fidelity Building, Baltimore. 

HENRY P. RIEGER & CO., .50.5 N. Paca Street, Baltimore. 

ALBERT WEBER, 45 Builders' Exchange, Baltimore. 

WERNER BROS., Ellicott City. 

WM. F. WELLER, Granite. 

FRANK PEACH & CO., Granite. 

PERRY VILLE GRANITE COMPANY, Perryville. 

McCLENAHAN GRANITE COMPANY, Port Deposit. 

37 



BUILDING-STONE— Slate. 

EXCELSIOR SLATE COMPANY, Delta. Pa. 
PEACH BOTTOM SLATE COMPANY, Delta, Pa. 
PEERLESS SLATE COMPANY, Delta, Pa. 
PROCTOR BROS., Delta, Pa. 

BUILDING-STONE— Marble. 

BEAVER DAM MARBLE COMPANY, 704 Constitution Street, Baltimore. 
WASHINGTON JUNCTION STONE COMPANY, Point of Rocks. 
WHITEFORD GREEN MARBLE COMPANY, Wliiteford. 

BUILDING-STONE— Sondstone. 

SENECA STONE COMPANY, .52 Central Bank Building, Baltimore. 
R. A. BEALL, 14 S. Liberty Street, Cumberland. 
WASHINGTON JUNCTION STONE COMPANY, Point of Rocks. 

B. H. RANDOLPH, Frostburg. 

CEMENT. 

ROUND TOP HYDRAULIC CEMENT COMPANY, Hancock. 
'CUMBERLAND HYDRAULIC CEMENT COMPANY, Cumberland. 

LIMESTONE. 

P. G. ZOUCK & CO., Cavetown. 

GEO. M. ISANAGLE, Catoctin. 

ZEPHANIAH POTEET, Cockeysville. 

JOim L. :\riLLER, Cumberland. 

FREDERICK CITY LIME COMPANY, Limited. Frederick. 

CLARKSON BROS., Haserstown. 

DANIEL SUNDAY, Harmony Grove. 

THE M. J. GROVE LIME COMPANY, Lime Kiln. 

C. E. POOLE, Linganore. 
WM. DAVIS, Marriottsville. 
VERNON W. DORSEY, Marriottsville. 
A. J. WALTEIJS, Motters. 

WM. C. DIT.MAN, Texas. 

THOS. N. LEE, Texas. 

JOHN I. YELLOTT & CO., Texas. 

WM. P. LINDSAY, Texas. 

TEXAS LIME COMPANY, Texas. , ; 

DANIEL RODDY, Thurmont. 

6. S. HAINES, Union Bridge. 

GEO. R. STAUB, AVakefield. 

J. W. STIMMEL, Walkersville. 

WM. A. ROOP, Westminster. 

S. W. BARRICK & SONS, Woodsboro. 

SOAPSTONE. 

MARYLAND SOAPSTONE COMPANY. Tamaqua, Pa. 

MINERAL WATER. 

BUENA VISTA SPRING WATER COMPANY, Baltimore. 
CHATTOL.\NEE SPRINGS HOTEL AND WATER COMPANY, Baltimore. 



38 



^B^/CKl 




I 



RC 



EY 



nted i 

s of t 

Agri 




NATURAL RESOURCE^ 



THE COUNTIES 



MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

WM. BULLOCK CLAHK. STATE GEOLOGIST 
1901 



' NOTE.— The leading resources of each county are printed in ra no attempt being made 
to xhow the distribution of each product within the confines of the cd-nty. The lists of agri 
cultural products are prepared by the T. -S Department of Agriculti.e. Bureau of Soils, and 
by the Maryland Agricultural College. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 313 711 9 



I 1 



